• Welcome to TechPowerUp Forums, Guest! Please check out our forum guidelines for info related to our community.

NVIDIA Unveils Adaptive Temporal Anti-Aliasing with Ray-Tracing

btarunr

Editor & Senior Moderator
Staff member
Joined
Oct 9, 2007
Messages
47,244 (7.54/day)
Location
Hyderabad, India
System Name RBMK-1000
Processor AMD Ryzen 7 5700G
Motherboard ASUS ROG Strix B450-E Gaming
Cooling DeepCool Gammax L240 V2
Memory 2x 8GB G.Skill Sniper X
Video Card(s) Palit GeForce RTX 2080 SUPER GameRock
Storage Western Digital Black NVMe 512GB
Display(s) BenQ 1440p 60 Hz 27-inch
Case Corsair Carbide 100R
Audio Device(s) ASUS SupremeFX S1220A
Power Supply Cooler Master MWE Gold 650W
Mouse ASUS ROG Strix Impact
Keyboard Gamdias Hermes E2
Software Windows 11 Pro
NVIDIA published the first documentation of Adaptive Temporal Anti-Aliasing (ATAA), an evolution of TAA that incorporates real-time ray-tracing, or at least the low light-count method NVIDIA implemented with RTX. Its "adaptive" nature also lets it overcome many of the performance challenges users encounter with TAA in high framerate and rapidly changing 3D scenes, such as in games. Non-gaming scenes, such as those used by real-estate developers, don't face these challenges.

To developers, ATAA promises image quality comparable to 8x supersampling at a cost of under 33 ms frame delay. These numbers were derived on a TITAN V ("Volta"), using Unreal Engine 4. It could take a while for ATAA to make it to games, as developers will need a few months to learn the technique before implementing them in their ongoing or future projects. NVIDIA will introduce ATAA support through driver updates.



View at TechPowerUp Main Site
 
Joined
Nov 15, 2016
Messages
454 (0.15/day)
System Name Sillicon Nightmares
Processor Intel i7 9700KF 5ghz (5.1ghz 4 core load, no avx offset), 4.7ghz ring, 1.412vcore 1.3vcio 1.264vcsa
Motherboard Asus Z390 Strix F
Cooling DEEPCOOL Gamer Storm CAPTAIN 360
Memory 2x8GB G.Skill Trident Z RGB (B-Die) 3600 14-14-14-28 1t, tRFC 220 tREFI 65535, tFAW 16, 1.545vddq
Video Card(s) ASUS GTX 1060 Strix 6GB XOC, Core: 2202-2240, Vcore: 1.075v, Mem: 9818mhz (Sillicon Lottery Jackpot)
Storage Samsung 840 EVO 1TB SSD, WD Blue 1TB, Seagate 3TB, Samsung 970 Evo Plus 512GB
Display(s) BenQ XL2430 1080p 144HZ + (2) Samsung SyncMaster 913v 1280x1024 75HZ + A Shitty TV For Movies
Case Deepcool Genome ROG Edition
Audio Device(s) Bunta Sniff Speakers From The Tip Edition With Extra Kenwoods
Power Supply Corsair AX860i/Cable Mod Cables
Mouse Logitech G602 Spilled Beer Edition
Keyboard Dell KB4021
Software Windows 10 x64
Benchmark Scores 13543 Firestrike (3dmark.com/fs/22336777) 601 points CPU-Z ST 37.4ns AIDA Memory
probably going to be an 11 series only feature
 
Joined
Jul 23, 2011
Messages
1,586 (0.33/day)
Location
Kaunas, Lithuania
System Name my box
Processor AMD Ryzen 9 5950X
Motherboard ASRock Taichi x470 Ultimate
Cooling NZXT Kraken x72
Memory 2×16GiB @ 3200MHz, some Corsair RGB led meme crap
Video Card(s) AMD [ASUS ROG STRIX] Radeon RX Vega64 [OC Edition]
Storage Samsung 970 Pro && 2× Seagate IronWolf Pro 4TB in Raid 1
Display(s) Asus VG278H + Asus VH226H
Case Fractal Design Define R6 Black TG
Audio Device(s) Using optical S/PDIF output lol
Power Supply Corsair AX1200i
Mouse Razer Naga Epic
Keyboard Keychron Q1
Software Funtoo Linux
Benchmark Scores 217634.24 BogoMIPS
>adding a whole frame worth of delay to the frame being shown, due to the temporal nature of this AA method

thanks, but no thanks.
 

FordGT90Concept

"I go fast!1!11!1!"
Joined
Oct 13, 2008
Messages
26,259 (4.46/day)
Location
IA, USA
System Name BY-2021
Processor AMD Ryzen 7 5800X (65w eco profile)
Motherboard MSI B550 Gaming Plus
Cooling Scythe Mugen (rev 5)
Memory 2 x Kingston HyperX DDR4-3200 32 GiB
Video Card(s) AMD Radeon RX 7900 XT
Storage Samsung 980 Pro, Seagate Exos X20 TB 7200 RPM
Display(s) Nixeus NX-EDG274K (3840x2160@144 DP) + Samsung SyncMaster 906BW (1440x900@60 HDMI-DVI)
Case Coolermaster HAF 932 w/ USB 3.0 5.25" bay + USB 3.2 (A+C) 3.5" bay
Audio Device(s) Realtek ALC1150, Micca OriGen+
Power Supply Enermax Platimax 850w
Mouse Nixeus REVEL-X
Keyboard Tesoro Excalibur
Software Windows 10 Home 64-bit
Benchmark Scores Faster than the tortoise; slower than the hare.
SSAA 4x looks better than ATAA 8x IMO. Why keep reinventing the wheel?

>adding a whole frame worth of delay to the frame being shown, due to the temporal nature of this AA method

thanks, but no thanks.
And that's on a Titan V. How bad is it on a 1060 GTX (you know, a card gamers actually use)? Even if it was intended for real estate renders, why use the more expensive ATAA when you can get a better results with SSAA? I think NVIDIA just built another bridge to no where to sell GameWorks.
 
Joined
Feb 18, 2010
Messages
1,850 (0.34/day)
System Name Eldritch
Processor AMD Ryzen 5 5800X3D
Motherboard ASUS TUF X570 Pro Wifi
Cooling Satan's butthole after going to Taco Bell
Memory 64 GB G.Skill TridentZ
Video Card(s) Vega 56
Storage 6*8TB Western Digital Blues in RAID 6, 2*512 GB Samsung 960 Pros
Display(s) Acer CB281HK
Case Phanteks Enthoo Pro PH-ES614P_BK
Audio Device(s) ASUS Xonar DX
Power Supply EVGA Supernova 750 G2
Mouse Razer Viper 8K
Software Debian Bullseye
ATAA promises image quality comparable to 8x supersampling at a cost of under 33 ms frame delay.
keep out.png
 

dorsetknob

"YOUR RMA REQUEST IS CON-REFUSED"
Joined
Mar 17, 2005
Messages
9,107 (1.27/day)
Location
Dorset where else eh? >>> Thats ENGLAND<<<
I think NVIDIA just built another bridge to no where to sell GameWorks.
:) they sell it and there was me thinking they shoved it down your throat for free (bundled)
 
Joined
Oct 2, 2004
Messages
13,791 (1.87/day)
ATAA promises image quality comparable to 8x supersampling at a cost of under 33 ms frame delay.

Would be nice if they spoke English, coz this tells me exactly nothing. How much delay 8x, 6x, 4x and 2x make? Then we can judge if "at a cost of under 33ms" is good or not.

Also, why even bother with this stuff. First it'll only be available from one vendor, probably supported by their latest flagship only, waiting 2 years for game engine teams to catch up and 2 more for actual games to even get it. Pointless. Post-process AA is the future imo. Just look at SMAA. It's doing great at smoothing edges without blurring details and hardly has any performance hit. Why not build on top of that and add it to the NVIDIA Control Panel so you can just force it on any game and call it a day. I don't want to wait 5 years for features to appear in 3 games and that's it. Instead we still only have garbage FXAA which works but there are far better options and they refuse to add them. I guess that ancient looking NV CP is to much of a hassle t work with...

Basically the same situation as with MSAA which was awesome as they made better versions of it till Deferred rendering became defacto. Then it basically became useless since it didn't work anywhere anymore. No one is investing in MSAA anymore, so why bother with these game specific proprietary edge smoothing algorithms? Just take SMAA and make it even better. It's proven tech that users can actually use NOW.
 
Joined
Apr 30, 2012
Messages
3,881 (0.84/day)
Heh, Their Conclusion

Nvidia Research ATA said:
Our method’s performance is dominated by the ray trace. We cannot advocate it for immediate wide-spread deployment in games at current performance, but that is not concerning given that mainstream gaming GPUs have not yet appeared that support the DXR API. The real-time ray tracing ecosystem of drivers, GPUs, and algorithms must emerge together over the next few years.
 

bug

Joined
May 22, 2015
Messages
13,786 (3.96/day)
Processor Intel i5-12600k
Motherboard Asus H670 TUF
Cooling Arctic Freezer 34
Memory 2x16GB DDR4 3600 G.Skill Ripjaws V
Video Card(s) EVGA GTX 1060 SC
Storage 500GB Samsung 970 EVO, 500GB Samsung 850 EVO, 1TB Crucial MX300 and 2TB Crucial MX500
Display(s) Dell U3219Q + HP ZR24w
Case Raijintek Thetis
Audio Device(s) Audioquest Dragonfly Red :D
Power Supply Seasonic 620W M12
Mouse Logitech G502 Proteus Core
Keyboard G.Skill KM780R
Software Arch Linux + Win10
SSAA 4x looks better than ATAA 8x IMO.
That's what my eyes tell me as well.
Why keep reinventing the wheel?
Because people want 8xSSAA quality (or better) with zero performance impact and nobody has managed to do that so far?

And that's on a Titan V. How bad is it on a 1060 GTX (you know, a card gamers actually use)? Even if it was intended for real estate renders, why use the more expensive ATAA when you can get a better results with SSAA? I think NVIDIA just built another bridge to no where to sell GameWorks.
It's done with RTX, it doesn't work on current generation hardware.
 
Last edited:
Joined
Aug 6, 2017
Messages
7,412 (2.77/day)
Location
Poland
System Name Purple rain
Processor 10.5 thousand 4.2G 1.1v
Motherboard Zee 490 Aorus Elite
Cooling Noctua D15S
Memory 16GB 4133 CL16-16-16-31 Viper Steel
Video Card(s) RTX 2070 Super Gaming X Trio
Storage SU900 128,8200Pro 1TB,850 Pro 512+256+256,860 Evo 500,XPG950 480, Skyhawk 2TB
Display(s) Acer XB241YU+Dell S2716DG
Case P600S Silent w. Alpenfohn wing boost 3 ARGBT+ fans
Audio Device(s) K612 Pro w. FiiO E10k DAC,W830BT wireless
Power Supply Superflower Leadex Gold 850W
Mouse G903 lightspeed+powerplay,G403 wireless + Steelseries DeX + Roccat rest
Keyboard HyperX Alloy SilverSpeed (w.HyperX wrist rest),Razer Deathstalker
Software Windows 10
Benchmark Scores A LOT
Even TAA looks better.
 
Joined
Sep 17, 2014
Messages
22,479 (6.03/day)
Location
The Washing Machine
System Name Tiny the White Yeti
Processor 7800X3D
Motherboard MSI MAG Mortar b650m wifi
Cooling CPU: Thermalright Peerless Assassin / Case: Phanteks T30-120 x3
Memory 32GB Corsair Vengeance 30CL6000
Video Card(s) ASRock RX7900XT Phantom Gaming
Storage Lexar NM790 4TB + Samsung 850 EVO 1TB + Samsung 980 1TB + Crucial BX100 250GB
Display(s) Gigabyte G34QWC (3440x1440)
Case Lian Li A3 mATX White
Audio Device(s) Harman Kardon AVR137 + 2.1
Power Supply EVGA Supernova G2 750W
Mouse Steelseries Aerox 5
Keyboard Lenovo Thinkpad Trackpoint II
VR HMD HD 420 - Green Edition ;)
Software W11 IoT Enterprise LTSC
Benchmark Scores Over 9000
I'm not seeing the progress here.

But nice try, selling a crippling AA that equals an SSAA level nobody ever really needs.

Ray tracing so far is a buzz word that brings us nothing substantial. Its not new. And its still crippling performance. So where's the progress?
 

bug

Joined
May 22, 2015
Messages
13,786 (3.96/day)
Processor Intel i5-12600k
Motherboard Asus H670 TUF
Cooling Arctic Freezer 34
Memory 2x16GB DDR4 3600 G.Skill Ripjaws V
Video Card(s) EVGA GTX 1060 SC
Storage 500GB Samsung 970 EVO, 500GB Samsung 850 EVO, 1TB Crucial MX300 and 2TB Crucial MX500
Display(s) Dell U3219Q + HP ZR24w
Case Raijintek Thetis
Audio Device(s) Audioquest Dragonfly Red :D
Power Supply Seasonic 620W M12
Mouse Logitech G502 Proteus Core
Keyboard G.Skill KM780R
Software Arch Linux + Win10
I'm not seeing the progress here.

But nice try, selling a crippling AA that equals an SSAA level nobody ever really needs.

Ray tracing so far is a buzz word that brings us nothing substantial. Its not new. And its still crippling performance. So where's the progress?
If it's closer to real time, that makes ray tracing a more compelling proposition for content creators. They are used to leave their rendering farms crunching on their own. If the result in the same amount of time can be better (by means of ray tracing), that's progress.

And I disagree about SSAA levels "nobody ever really needs". I could easily spot AA differences to the point 2xMSAA didn't make any sense to me. The quality difference is there. But it depends on what you're playing. While playing Witcher, there's a lot of stuff you can stop and admire. While playing Fortnite, not so much.
 
Joined
Sep 17, 2014
Messages
22,479 (6.03/day)
Location
The Washing Machine
System Name Tiny the White Yeti
Processor 7800X3D
Motherboard MSI MAG Mortar b650m wifi
Cooling CPU: Thermalright Peerless Assassin / Case: Phanteks T30-120 x3
Memory 32GB Corsair Vengeance 30CL6000
Video Card(s) ASRock RX7900XT Phantom Gaming
Storage Lexar NM790 4TB + Samsung 850 EVO 1TB + Samsung 980 1TB + Crucial BX100 250GB
Display(s) Gigabyte G34QWC (3440x1440)
Case Lian Li A3 mATX White
Audio Device(s) Harman Kardon AVR137 + 2.1
Power Supply EVGA Supernova G2 750W
Mouse Steelseries Aerox 5
Keyboard Lenovo Thinkpad Trackpoint II
VR HMD HD 420 - Green Edition ;)
Software W11 IoT Enterprise LTSC
Benchmark Scores Over 9000
If it's closer to real time, that makes ray tracing a more compelling proposition for content creators. They are used to leave their rendering farms crunching on their own. If the result in the same amount of time can be better (by means of ray tracing), that's progress.

And I disagree about SSAA levels "nobody ever really needs". I could easily spot AA differences to the point 2xMSAA didn't make any sense to me. The quality difference is there. But it depends on what you're playing. While playing Witcher, there's a lot of stuff you can stop and admire. While playing Fortnite, not so much.

Come on man, nobody plays with SSAA x8, ever. Even for 1080p it barely makes a difference.

And even the SSAA x4 comparison up there looks much better than any of the ATAA alternatives. In the end you're still tied to the physical pixels and that can only go two ways: blurry or sharp with aliasing.
 
Joined
Mar 10, 2014
Messages
1,793 (0.46/day)
Even TAA looks better.

Though it's hard to compare AA methods on still images. But yeah if it's too expensive to use it will fail no matter what.
Come on man, nobody plays with SSAA x8, ever. Even for 1080p it barely makes a difference.

And even the SSAA x4 comparison up there looks much better than any of the ATAA alternatives. In the end you're still tied to the physical pixels and that can only go two ways: blurry or sharp with aliasing.

Well all that depends on how expensive it is to use; but no one uses 8xSSAA on 1080p because very few have PC capable of rendering 8k resolution. And again really should see them running on a live to make comparisons of different AA methods.
 
Last edited:
Joined
Jan 8, 2017
Messages
9,440 (3.27/day)
System Name Good enough
Processor AMD Ryzen R9 7900 - Alphacool Eisblock XPX Aurora Edge
Motherboard ASRock B650 Pro RS
Cooling 2x 360mm NexXxoS ST30 X-Flow, 1x 360mm NexXxoS ST30, 1x 240mm NexXxoS ST30
Memory 32GB - FURY Beast RGB 5600 Mhz
Video Card(s) Sapphire RX 7900 XT - Alphacool Eisblock Aurora
Storage 1x Kingston KC3000 1TB 1x Kingston A2000 1TB, 1x Samsung 850 EVO 250GB , 1x Samsung 860 EVO 500GB
Display(s) LG UltraGear 32GN650-B + 4K Samsung TV
Case Phanteks NV7
Power Supply GPS-750C
Nvidia , historically , managed to shove a lot of graphics technology that isn't particularly useful or advantageous as opposed to other alternatives. I'm afraid that will be case here as well , to our discontent.
 

bug

Joined
May 22, 2015
Messages
13,786 (3.96/day)
Processor Intel i5-12600k
Motherboard Asus H670 TUF
Cooling Arctic Freezer 34
Memory 2x16GB DDR4 3600 G.Skill Ripjaws V
Video Card(s) EVGA GTX 1060 SC
Storage 500GB Samsung 970 EVO, 500GB Samsung 850 EVO, 1TB Crucial MX300 and 2TB Crucial MX500
Display(s) Dell U3219Q + HP ZR24w
Case Raijintek Thetis
Audio Device(s) Audioquest Dragonfly Red :D
Power Supply Seasonic 620W M12
Mouse Logitech G502 Proteus Core
Keyboard G.Skill KM780R
Software Arch Linux + Win10
Come on man, nobody plays with SSAA x8, ever. Even for 1080p it barely makes a difference.

And even the SSAA x4 comparison up there looks much better than any of the ATAA alternatives. In the end you're still tied to the physical pixels and that can only go two ways: blurry or sharp with aliasing.
Well, I just told you that I did when I had the occasion. And I have acknowledged this ATAA looks very poor to me.

AA doesn't have to be a choice between blurry and sharp. If done right it can alter just the right pixels without altering sharpness. But these methods are always more intensive, that why everyone is scrambling for alternatives.
 
Joined
Sep 15, 2011
Messages
6,730 (1.39/day)
Processor Intel® Core™ i7-13700K
Motherboard Gigabyte Z790 Aorus Elite AX
Cooling Noctua NH-D15
Memory 32GB(2x16) DDR5@6600MHz G-Skill Trident Z5
Video Card(s) ZOTAC GAMING GeForce RTX 3080 AMP Holo
Storage 2TB SK Platinum P41 SSD + 4TB SanDisk Ultra SSD + 500GB Samsung 840 EVO SSD
Display(s) Acer Predator X34 3440x1440@100Hz G-Sync
Case NZXT PHANTOM410-BK
Audio Device(s) Creative X-Fi Titanium PCIe
Power Supply Corsair 850W
Mouse Logitech Hero G502 SE
Software Windows 11 Pro - 64bit
Benchmark Scores 30FPS in NFS:Rivals
So a "feature" that no current existing gaming card support yet in hardware. Nice!

 

ppn

Joined
Aug 18, 2015
Messages
1,231 (0.36/day)
33ms lag, no way, too high. I prefer pure 4K, noAA, 16AF.
 

bug

Joined
May 22, 2015
Messages
13,786 (3.96/day)
Processor Intel i5-12600k
Motherboard Asus H670 TUF
Cooling Arctic Freezer 34
Memory 2x16GB DDR4 3600 G.Skill Ripjaws V
Video Card(s) EVGA GTX 1060 SC
Storage 500GB Samsung 970 EVO, 500GB Samsung 850 EVO, 1TB Crucial MX300 and 2TB Crucial MX500
Display(s) Dell U3219Q + HP ZR24w
Case Raijintek Thetis
Audio Device(s) Audioquest Dragonfly Red :D
Power Supply Seasonic 620W M12
Mouse Logitech G502 Proteus Core
Keyboard G.Skill KM780R
Software Arch Linux + Win10
So a "feature" that no current existing gaming card support yet in hardware. Nice!

That will change once the 11 series is out. On the other hand, name one feature about 3D rendering that has debuted with pre-installed, widespread support.
 
Joined
Feb 16, 2017
Messages
494 (0.17/day)
I'm sure they'll abandon this soon enough. Why anyone would want to use something that looks so ugly and adds significant delay?

Edit: Is there a typo in the article or did they choose to say it compares to 8X SSAA and then not provide a comparison image?
 

bug

Joined
May 22, 2015
Messages
13,786 (3.96/day)
Processor Intel i5-12600k
Motherboard Asus H670 TUF
Cooling Arctic Freezer 34
Memory 2x16GB DDR4 3600 G.Skill Ripjaws V
Video Card(s) EVGA GTX 1060 SC
Storage 500GB Samsung 970 EVO, 500GB Samsung 850 EVO, 1TB Crucial MX300 and 2TB Crucial MX500
Display(s) Dell U3219Q + HP ZR24w
Case Raijintek Thetis
Audio Device(s) Audioquest Dragonfly Red :D
Power Supply Seasonic 620W M12
Mouse Logitech G502 Proteus Core
Keyboard G.Skill KM780R
Software Arch Linux + Win10
I'm sure they'll abandon this soon enough. Why anyone would want to use something that looks so ugly and adds significant delay?

Edit: Is there a typo in the article or did they choose to say it compares to 8X SSAA and then not provide a comparison image?
If it can't do better than what that image shows, yes, it will probably die.
About the added delay, any form of post-processing adds delay, it's not like can look at 2-8 million pixels in zero time. Much less compute something about them. The 33ms is a meaningless number as long as we don't know what delay other AA techniques introduce.
 
Joined
Aug 6, 2017
Messages
7,412 (2.77/day)
Location
Poland
System Name Purple rain
Processor 10.5 thousand 4.2G 1.1v
Motherboard Zee 490 Aorus Elite
Cooling Noctua D15S
Memory 16GB 4133 CL16-16-16-31 Viper Steel
Video Card(s) RTX 2070 Super Gaming X Trio
Storage SU900 128,8200Pro 1TB,850 Pro 512+256+256,860 Evo 500,XPG950 480, Skyhawk 2TB
Display(s) Acer XB241YU+Dell S2716DG
Case P600S Silent w. Alpenfohn wing boost 3 ARGBT+ fans
Audio Device(s) K612 Pro w. FiiO E10k DAC,W830BT wireless
Power Supply Superflower Leadex Gold 850W
Mouse G903 lightspeed+powerplay,G403 wireless + Steelseries DeX + Roccat rest
Keyboard HyperX Alloy SilverSpeed (w.HyperX wrist rest),Razer Deathstalker
Software Windows 10
Benchmark Scores A LOT
We are going to get Volta for GeForce cards. Yes, not "gaming optimized" Turing (which is in my opinion a 7nm successor to Volta in HPC) , but the AI volta, wtih tensor cores, only in some nerfed config (like half of what tesla equivalent of a given GPU has). Instead of rearranging the chip,nvidia would rather push Volta for games on some sort of trumped up promises of AI and ray tracing in games.
I'm not saying that this new ATAA and RTX is bogus, it isn't. I'm sure they'll look friggin amazing. It's just that early adopters will see very little benefit compared to performance hit it will take.
 

HTC

Joined
Apr 1, 2008
Messages
4,664 (0.77/day)
Location
Portugal
System Name HTC's System
Processor Ryzen 5 5800X3D
Motherboard Asrock Taichi X370
Cooling NH-C14, with the AM4 mounting kit
Memory G.Skill Kit 16GB DDR4 F4 - 3200 C16D - 16 GTZB
Video Card(s) Sapphire Pulse 6600 8 GB
Storage 1 Samsung NVMe 960 EVO 250 GB + 1 3.5" Seagate IronWolf Pro 6TB 7200RPM 256MB SATA III
Display(s) LG 27UD58
Case Fractal Design Define R6 USB-C
Audio Device(s) Onboard
Power Supply Corsair TX 850M 80+ Gold
Mouse Razer Deathadder Elite
Software Ubuntu 20.04.6 LTS
We are going to get Volta for GeForce cards. Yes, not "gaming optimized" Turing (which is in my opinion a 7nm successor to Volta in HPC) , but the AI volta, wtih tensor cores, only in some nerfed config (like half of what tesla equivalent of a given GPU has). Instead of rearranging the chip,nvidia would rather push Volta for games on some sort of trumped up promises of AI and ray tracing in games.
I'm not saying that this new ATAA and RTX is bogus, it isn't. I'm sure they'll look friggin amazing. It's just that early adopters will see very little benefit compared to performance hit it will take.

That's different then ... say ... gameworks ... how, exactly?

They'll be "happy" to take the performance hit, so long as any AMD cards have a BIGGER performance hit.
 
Top