I'll let the others get into specifics.
A big mix there.
You need to define what you mean by productivity. Typically, it means creating and editing "information" such as Word documents, Powerpoint presentations, Excel worksheets, databases, charts, graphs and such.
With that definition in mind, productivity, light gaming, and streaming takes very little CPU horsepower. With a nice chunk of RAM (8GB minimum, 16GB preferred, 32GB even better) and a SSD for your boot drive and the drive that houses your page file, you could even go with a 1/2 way decent motherboard that supports integrated graphics and NOT experience any latency issues.
However, if by "productivity", you include digital painting, creating electronic music or digital videos, a little more horsepower and a nicer graphics card would be wise (along with lots of storage).
If only we could see the future.
"Lasting" 10 years is
NOT a function of the number of cores the CPU has. How long something "lasts" (before it dies) is a function of initial reliability, durability, and the amount of abuse it is forced to endure. By abuse, with electronics I mean (1) heat and (2) power anomalies (e.g. surges and spikes).
The problem with predicting the future with computing electronics is there are dozens of players/entities shaping it. Remember, IT is industries within industries. And each of these industries are advancing and evolving (often independently) the "state-of-the-art" at their own pace and methodologies. And many these involve developing their own protocols and standards that often require new hardware to support it.
These various "standards" include but are not limited to,
ATX Form Factors,
Bluetooth,
PCIe,
Memory (DDR4, DDR5, DDR6, etc.),
Video (HDMI, DP, etc.),
USB,
WiFi,
BIOS/UEFI,
and more.
Then there are operating systems which often influence hardware requirements
And last but not least (and occasionally the greatest influence) is the bad guys and how their malicious activities force consumers, hardware makers and OS developers to implement changes.
My point? Plan on 5 years of use and cross your fingers it will support your needs that long. If you get 10 years of productivity out of it, consider that extra 5 years a bonus.