So I looked more into this and it seems that the broken images send a HTTP 301 redirect to a different URL.
In the past this worked, but apparently there was some security issue related to it, which was fixed recently, see this thread:
https://xenforo.com/community/threa...e-image-proxy-to-follow-301-redirects.120346/
Not sure yet how to address this
Edit: From what I understand the issue is following, you put a link to your own webserver, then you make that send a 301 request that leads to one of our secret internal URLs, which shouldn't be accessible from the outside. But since the image proxy in XF will follow the URL, it will fetch our secret content or execute evil things.