Intel paper-launched the 12th Gen Core processor family on October 27, allowing us to post everything about the processor except performance testing, so we did a more comprehensive Preview Article on the "Alder Lake" microarchitecture. "Alder Lake-S" is the first desktop processor silicon built by Intel on its Intel 7 silicon fabrication node, formerly known as 10 nm Enhanced SuperFin. This node offers comparable transistor-density and power characteristics as 7 nm-class nodes by TSMC. The die measures approximately 200 mm², although it is noticeably smaller than the 14 nm "Rocket Lake-S" die.


The monolithic silicon features 8 "Golden Cove" P and 8 "Gracemont" E-cores. The E-cores are spread across two 4-core "E-core Clusters." A bi-directional Ringbus and 30 MB of L3 cache connect the P-cores, and E-core clusters, with the Uncore (integrated northbridge) and iGPU. The chip features a dual-mode memory controller that supports 160-bit wide DDR5 (native support for DDR5-4800) or 128-bit wide DDR4 (native support for DDR4-3200). The Gen12 Xe LP iGPU is carried over almost unchanged from the "Rocket Lake-S" silicon, with a minor speed-bump. The PCI-Express root complex is fascinating. The silicon puts out 16 Gen 5 lanes (32 Gbps per lane), which are allocated to the PEG slot on the motherboard, and 12 Gen 4 lanes (16 Gbps per lane), of which four drive a CPU-attached M.2 NVMe slot and eight serve as a physical layer of the DMI 4.0 x8 chipset bus (128 Gbps per direction bandwidth).


The "Golden Cove" performance core (P-core) features numerical increments to the decode unit, micro-op queue, and micro-op cache. The out-of-order (OoO) engine sees similar increments with 6-wide allocation and 12-wide execution ports, compared to 5-wide allocation and 10-wide execution ports for Cypress Cove. The execution stage sees the addition of a fifth execution port and ALU, FMA with FP16 support, and an updated fast adder (FADD). Similar improvements are made to the cache and memory sub-system. These add toward the 28% IPC uplift for this core. The E-core, on the other hand, is designed to provide a massive performance uplift from the previous-generation "Tremont" low-power microarchitecture, mainly to give it certain ISA capabilities found in larger cores, such as AVX2. The front-end is upgraded with a double-size 64 KB L1 instruction cache, more powerful branch-prediction unit, and two sets of triple out-of-order decoders. The out-of-order engine features a wide 256-entry OoO window and 17 execution ports for more parallelism. The execution stage sees a near 33% increase in both scalar and vector execution stages, as well as double the load store.


Intel Thread Director is a vital component that ensures the operating system doesn't see "Alder Lake" as having the same kind of CPU cores, sending processing traffic uniformly to all cores. Instead, it gives the OS a degree of awareness of the Hybrid architecture and ensures certain kinds of tasks are allocated exclusively on P-cores and others on E-cores. It also senses the nature of the processing workload (whether it's running in the foreground or background) and decides which kind of cores to tie it to. The OS scheduler by itself moves traffic between cores to meet certain power/thermal objectives, but Thread Director ensures this movement doesn't break the core-type hierarchy. Windows 11 is the recommended version of Windows for Alder Lake, as it introduces the ability for software to inform the processor of the nature of its work, and the kind of cores it's comfortable getting processed by.


Intel pulled off some innovative ways to transfer heat between the silicon and cooling solution over the past couple of solutions, to eke out the best-possible thermals from the 14 nm node it was stuck with. These innovations continue with Alder Lake. The die and STIM are now thinner and the copper IHS thicker. Among the new overclocking capabilities are the ability to tweak even the E-cores, DDR5 memory, new XMP 3.0 profiles for DDR5 memory, synthetic BCLK that ensures a base-clock overclock doesn't break sensitive clock domains relying on it, and external clock generation, in addition to the processor's internal clock generator.


With the monolithic silicon gaining complexity, there are several new overclocking knobs and clock domains to maximize your overclock. The introduction of the E-core adds its own base-clock multiplier, called xE, which works separately from the core ratio of the P-cores, dubbed xP. The xG multiplier dictates iGPU frequency. xR dictates the frequency at which the Ringbus interconnect and L3 cache operate.

Intel Z690 Chipset

Intel is debuting its 12th Gen Core desktop processors in 2021 exclusively with only the unlocked "K" and "KF" variants, so it's only launching the companion Z690 chipset. The "locked" processor SKUs and value-ended chipsets are expected to join the product stack in 2022. The Z690 chipset is Intel's first client chipset with PCI-Express 4.0 downstream connectivity. It talks to the "Alder Lake-S" processor over the DMI 4.0 x8 chipset bus. Downstream PCIe connectivity includes 12x Gen 4 and 16x Gen 3 PCIe general-purpose lanes. The rest of its chipset-attached connectivity is the same as for Z590, including MIPI SoundWire support, NVMe RAID, 8-port SATA 6 Gbps, and the recommended network interfaces that include 2.5 GbE and Wi-Fi 6E.