PowerColor has updated its website with a Radeon RX 9070 XT Red Devil product page—this is the first example of an RX 9000 series model being officially listed alongside their existing selection of (exclusively) AMD GPU-based graphics cards. The Taiwanese brand has not published any technical specifications—Team Red RDNA 4 NDAs are likely still in effect—but a pleasing number of Radeon RX 9070 XT Red Devil promotional images have been uploaded. A limited edition package (with alleged bundled extras) seems to be in the pipeline—VideoCardz has provided visual evidence of a fancy container (see below).

Teaser images appeared online at the start of this year—close-ups of glowing signature red parts were accompanied by an ominous message: "every edge shines like a gem. Every second burns like fire. If power was in your hands, how would you use it?" Days later, TechPowerUp inspected a fully unveiled Red Devil demonstration sample at CES 2025—new Hellhound and Reaper designs were also within reach. PowerColor's freshly uploaded images reveal one major difference—VideoCardz adeptly points out the presence of two 8-pin power connectors on the promos, while the CES example possessed three physical inputs. They theorize that renders of PowerColor's Radeon RX 9070 (non-XT) Red Devil model have appeared on the XT's product page. Beyond discrepancies in connector counts, the overall design matches that of the Las Vegas showcase model.

The majority of AMD Radeon RX 9070 XT GPU-related leaks have emerged thanks to insiders playing around with pre-launch PowerColor RDNA 4 sample models. During and since CES, Team Red and its board partners have kept mum about specifications and performance figures—but happy accidents have allowed tech enthusiasts to pore over NDA-busting information. As reported by VideoCardz yesterday, Overclockers UK (OCUK) published a landing page that provided a brief look at basic Radeon RX 9070 XT and RX 9070 (non-XT) specs—the British retailer has since scrubbed this entry from its site.

Leaks have revealed alleged core counts—4096 for XT, and 3584 for non-XT—but Overclockers UK's charts listed a count of 4096 for both Navi 48 GPUs. They both sport 16 GB GDDR6 VRAM and 256-bit memory buses, and the leak reveals another shared trait: a 260 W TDP rating. VideoCardz reckons that this is an error—based on previous clock speed insider info, the Radeon RX 9070 non-XT's power consumption figure should be rated lower. The accidentally published clock speeds appear to be sourced from overclocked examples—AMD is reportedly not going to release full/finalized information until closer to launch, so OCUK could have relied on preliminary product guides. The FAQ section states that Team Red's RDNA 4 generation is sticking with a PCI-Express 4.0 x16 host interface—PCIe 5.0 systems are "thankfully" backwards compatible. NVIDIA's GeForce RTX 50 series will be leading the way into PCIe 5.0 spec territories.

AMD enforced strict conditions upon its manufacturing partners at the recently concluded CES trade event—various custom Radeon RX 9070 XT and RX 9070 (non-XT) models were showcased, but technical details were not revealed. The TechPowerUp team had a hands-on look at PowerColor's selection of Red Devil, Hellhound cards and newly debuted Reaper design—certain information could be pertained from labels and stickers (cough: 16 GB VRAM) yet brand reps remained tight-lipped about technical nitty gritty under-the-hood. News outlets have relied upon less-than-official sources—such as the Chiphell forum—to obtain performance figures. VideoCardz's working weekend session has produced alleged details about PowerColor's planned boost clock speeds—the headline being that a 3.0 GHz barrier has been broken.

The site's insider network proposes that PowerColor's top-flight Radeon RX 9070 XT Red Devil model is ready for launch with an OC BIOS set to boost matters up to 3060 MHz, while the silent performance mode shaves off fifty—bringing things down to a (still impressive) 3010 MHz. The more middle-of-the-pack Hellhound design is reported to achieve a 3010 MHz boost via its OC BIOS mode, and its silent operation is reported to be 2970 MHz. Additionally, a VideoCardz source reckons that game clocks are somewhere in the region of 2460 to 2520 MHz for both models. The "more affordable" PowerColor Radeon RX 9070 XT Reaper variant seems to lack BIOS switching, so its single operational mode is allegedly capable of boosting up to 2970 MHz.

At CES 2025, we went hands on with PowerColor's new Radeon RX 9070 series graphics cards. These include the RX 9070 XT and the RX 9070. PowerColor will keep custom board designs common for both SKUs as they're both based on the 4 nm "Navi 48" silicon. We get the general feeling that these cards aren't designed as over-the-top as the RX 7900 series custom designs; since the GPUs are positioned in the performance segment, and AMD's board partners would ideally like to give themselves room to price-wars against NVIDIA's products from the RTX 5070 series.

The PowerColor RX 9070 XT Red Devil features a triple-slot cooling solution. It is a fairly long card, with an aluminium fin-stack heatsink that's ventilated by a trio of fans. The large, rhomboid vent on its backplate gives you the impression that the PCB inside is just two-thirds the length of the card—it's not, it's closer to 80% its length. There is an elaborate LED-illuminated decal at the tail end of the card. The Red Devil gets a few premium features, such as dual-BIOS, and the company's highest factory overclock. The lighting on this card is RGB and controllable via software. The card draws power from a pair of 8-pin PCIe power connectors. The 375 W of power on tap should be sufficient for a performance-segment GPU.

PowerColor has prepared its highest-end Radeon RX 9070 XT GPU in the "Red Devil" family. In a post on the social media platform X, PowerColor shared the below picture with the following words: "Every edge shines like a gem. Every second burns like fire. If power was in your hands, how would you use it?" The picture shows an interesting design with a black shroud holding a red acrylic core, which follows the design philosophy of Red Devil cards. On the backplate, PowerColor has embedded a Red Devil sign with a meshed plate on top of it to show the card branding. Suppose the previous generations of Red Devil cards are for reference. In that case, we assume that the Radeon RX 9070 XT Red Devil will deliver top-tier specifications and component selection for overclocking, meaning that this card will be one of the highest-end RDNA 4 designs that we will see. Of course, surprises are welcome, and we must wait for the CES launch to see more.

TUL Corporation, a pioneering force in the manufacture of AMD graphics cards since 1997, proudly announces the launch of its groundbreaking AMD Radeon RX 7900 GRE series graphics cards. This new lineup, consisting of the Red Devil, Hellhound, and Fighter models, is engineered to redefine gaming excellence, delivering unmatched performance, cooling efficiency, and reliability for gamers and enthusiasts worldwide.

The PowerColor Red Devil AMD Radeon RX 7900 GRE graphics card, designed for the elite gamer, stands at the pinnacle of performance and aesthetics. Its advanced cooling system and robust design support significant overclocking, ensuring that gamers can push the limits of 1440p and beyond. The Red Devil is more than a graphics card, it's an emblem of power, crafted to help gamers capture every victory with style and performance.

It seems that AMD and its board partners are continuing to rollout new custom graphics cards based on the formerly China market exclusive Radeon RX 7900 GRE 16 GB GPU—PowerColor unleashed its fiendish flagship Red Devil model as one of last September's launch options. Their Chinese website has been updated with another Navi 31 XL entry—Hellhound Radeon RX 7900 GRE OC. This design sits below the Red Devil in the company's graphics card product and pricing hierarchy; providing excellent cooling performance with fewer frills. The latest custom RX 7900 GRE card borrows PowerColor's existing demonic dog design from the mid-tier Hellhound RX 7800 XT and RX 7700 XT models. The Hellhound enclosure deployed on Radeon RX 7900 XTX and RX 7900 XT GPUs is a much chunkier affair.

The PowerColor Hellhound Radeon RX 7900 GRE OC has also popped up on a couple of UK and mainland Europe price comparison engines (published 2024-01-30), so it possible that a very limited release could occur across a small smattering of countries and retail channels—Proshop Denmark seems to be the first place with cards in stock, pricing is €629.90 (~$682) at the time of writing. The Radeon RX 7900 GRE (Golden Rabbit Edition) GPU sits in an awkward spot between the fancier Navi 31 options, and Navi 32 siblings—AMD and its AIB partners have reduced MSRPs in Europe, possibly in reaction to the recent launch of NVIDIA's GeForce RTX 40 SUPER series. We are not sure if this initiative has boosted the RX 7900 GRE's popularity in this region, since very few outlets actually offer the (XFX-produced) reference model or Sapphire's Pulse custom design.

AMD Radeon RX 7900 series enthusiast-segment graphics cards now start at a street price of $719. A PowerColor Radeon RX 7900 XT Hellhound custom-design graphics card is listed on Newegg for $749, with a coupon code that shaves a further $30 off, bringing it down to this new low price. At this price, the RX 7900 XT offers significantly higher performance per Dollar than the GeForce RTX 4070 Ti, which starts at $799, and is tested to offer around 5% lower performance than the RX 7900 XT.

Meanwhile, prices of AMD's flagship graphics card, the RX 7900 XTX, has been on a downward slope, too, with a PowerColor RX 7900 XTX Red Devil premium custom-design card being listed for as low as $889 with a coupon discount. This would space the RX 7900 XTX at least $200 apart from the cheapest GeForce RTX 4080, which is starting at $1,089.

PowerColor has released a couple of new teasers for the upcoming Radeon RX 7800/RX 7700 XT launch that is said to be scheduled for August 25th. According to these new teasers, it appears that PowerColor will be introducing both Hellhound and Fighter series versions, in addition to the Red Devil that leaked earlier this month.

PowerColor released two new teasers, one on Twitter and one on Facebook, showing different sides of new graphics cards, and while it did not reveal any specific details, it is obvious that we are looking at the upcoming Radeon RX 7800 XT and Radeon RX 7700 XT versions that will be a part of its Hellhound and Fighter series. Unlike the earlier revealed Red Devil version, Hellhound is a bit toned down, but still should come with a decent factory-overclock. So far, PowerColor is teasing only the black version, and it is not clear if we will see the white Hellhound Spectral version. The Fighter series is usually the budget-oriented series, launching at MSRP, so it will be interesting to see how many SKUs PowerColor will announce on August 25th.

PowerColor inadvertently released the first pictures of its AMD Radeon RX 7800 XT Red Devil graphics card. These pictures confirm that the RX 7800 XT is based on a maxed out version of the "Navi 32" GPU, and not the compact "Navi 31" powering the limited edition RX 7900 GRE. The "Navi 32" is a chiplet-based GPU, just like the "Navi 31," albeit smaller. Its 5 nm GCD (graphics compute die) physically features 60 RDNA3 compute units, which work out to 3,840 stream processors, 120 AI accelerators, 60 Ray accelerators, 192 TMUs, and possibly 128 ROPs. This GCD is surrounded by four 6 nm MCDs (memory cache dies), which each has a 16 MB segment of the GPU's 64 MB Infinity Cache memory, and make up its 256-bit GDDR6 memory interface.

The specs sheet put out by PowerColor confirms that the RX 7800 XT maxes out the "Navi 32," enabling all 60 CUs, and the chip's full 256-bit memory interface, to drive 16 GB of memory. The RX 7800 XT uses 18 Gbps memory speed, and hence has 576 GB/s of memory bandwidth at its disposal. The PowerColor RX 7800 XT Red Devil has dual-BIOS, and assuming the "standard/silent" BIOS runs the card at AMD reference clock speeds, we're looking at Game clocks of 2210 MHz, and 2565 MHz boost. The Red Devil draws power from a dual 8-pin PCIe power connector set up (375 W max); the cooler is visibly smaller than the one on the company's RX 7900 series Red Devil cards. A 16+2 phase VRM powers the card. With pictures of the card out, we expect a global product launch within the next 30 days.

The Alphacool Core GPU Cooler is now also available for RX 7900XTX Red Devil GPU! Alphacool delivers with the new cooler great performance, usual high quality and a functional design. The eye-catcher of the copper cooler is the unit of connector terminal and cooler, which is milled from a single piece of copper. The excellent workmanship paired with the hard and resistant chrome plating of the entire copper cooler meet the highest quality standards. The brass G1/4" threads, which are left in chrome and integrated on both sides, are a key design element of the new Core series. They stand out visually very nicely from the terminal.

The aluminium backplate, which is adapted to the design, forms an ensemble together with the terminal and convinces with a clear and homogeneous appearance on the back of the cooler. The individually controllable lighting consists of digitally addressable RGB LEDs and enables uniform and dazzlingly coloured illumination of the entire cooler.

TUL Corporation, a leading and innovative manufacturer of AMD graphic cards since 1997, presents today Devil Skins - Swappable backplates for the latest AMD RX7900 Red Devil series. Devil Skins bring endless design possibilities with truly unique, easily swappable backplates that unlock imagination to match gamers' design preferences.

Every gamer is different and PowerColor wants to empower every gamer to pursue and celebrate their own identities. Red Devil RX7900 series owners will be able to easily change their graphics card backplate design with Devil Skins; it's as easy as placing the Devil Skin onto their existing backplates using conveniently placed magnets - it's that simple and will hold the Devil Skin securely in place.

PowerColor on Wednesday formally launched its flagship graphics card, the Radeon RX 7900 XTX Liquid Devil. Designed for enthusiasts with DIY liquid-cooling setups, the Liquid Devil is essentially an RX 7900 XTX Red Devil, but with a factory-fitted full-coverage water block instead of the massive air cooler. The block has been made by EK Water Blocks, and consists of a nickel-plated copper main material, with a clear-acrylic top, and some vinyl decals. The top is studded with ARGB LEDs. The block lacks fittings, but has G 1/4" threading, and PowerColor has included goodies such as an EK-Loop Leak Tester Flex kit (lets you check for coolant leaks).

The PowerColor RX 7900 XTX has an ace up its sleeves that positions it above the Red Devil OC—the "Unleash" BIOS. The card has a dual-BIOS setup, with the default BIOS being labeled "OC" and the other one being "Unleash." OC enables speeds comparable to the Red Devil OC—2395 MHz game and 2565 MHz boost (vs. 2269 MHz game and 2499 MHz boost AMD reference speeds). PowerColor is yet to spell out the clock speeds of the "Unleash" BIOS, but we're hearing that it will be even higher (possibly the highest factory OC for the RX 7900 XTX), along with increased power-limits. The PowerColor RX 7900 XTX Liquid Devil should be available from mid-February, 2023.

The first EK-Quantum Vector² RX 7900 XTX water block for an AIB partner Radeon RX 7000 Series GPU has just been released. EK, the premium water cooling gear manufacturer, is introducing its water block for the new PowerColor Red Devil AMD Radeon RX 7900 XTX. The Red Devil conquers by relentlessly pushing its power to the limit making the EK-Quantum Vector² water block an ideal match for achieving the best performance and minimum noise. Still, it's recommended you refer to the EK Cooling Configurator for a precise compatibility match.

This AMD Radeon Edition Vector² water block effortlessly solves the issue of excessive heat generation during high load on the GPU. This liquid cooling solution cools the graphics compute die, voltage regulation module, voltage controllers, VRAM, and MCDs on the Red Devil Radeon RX 7900 XTX graphics card. The new Radeon RX 7900 XTX GPUs have GCD manufactured in a cutting-edge 5 nm process, allowing a 54% improvement in performance per watt. While the GPU is efficient, it still uses more power than the previous generation. Its 300 mm² GCD contains 165% more transistors per mm² than the previous generation. This means these GPUs feature 58 billion transistors for 61 TFLOPs of performance—all the more reason to have them water-cooled.

Three weeks ago, PowerColor teased its Radeon RX 7900-series Red Devil cards on social media, but now the company has revealed more details of its upcoming cards. Oddly enough, PowerColor hasn't gone for RGB fans here, unlike its Hellhound cards, although the Red Devil cards do have a lot of RGB accents. A unique, if somewhat pointless feature is that the Red Devil cards come with a removable backplate cover, so you can choose to have a "plain" metal backplate, or a rather unusual looking backplate that appears to be made mostly out of plastic.

As with the Hellhound cards, PowerColour has used a 14-layer PCB for the Red Devil cards, but has added a 21st VRM for some reason, as the Hellhound cards "only" have 20 VRMs. The heatsinks with eight heatpipes appear to be nigh on identical to the one used on the Hellhound cards. PowerColour has also installed a side-mounted metal bracket to help prevent GPU sag, but it appears as if the bracket only reaches half way down the length of the card. The Red Devil cards have three 8-pin power connectors. What is unclear is what type of display interfaces the cards will have, as PowerColor didn't provide an image of that side of the cards, but based on the PCB picture, USB-C doesn't appear to be part of the mix.

With 11 days to go until the official launch of AMD's Radeon 7900-series graphics cards, PowerColor decided to share some more details about its upcoming cards. The two models appear to be the Hellhound Radeon RX 7900 XTX and the Hellhound Radeon RX 7900 XT, with both cards apparently sharing the same design and cooler. The cards appear to be at least triple-slot, but it's not entirely clear from the provided pictures. PowerColor is using a nine-blade fan design and the fans are of course kitted out with LEDs, where PowerColor is pushing what it calls an "amethyst purple" colour for this generation of Hellhound cards. The new fans are said to improve the GPU temperatures by as much as three degrees Celsius compared to the previous generation of fans.

More importantly, the cards have been given an improved backplate, as well as a larger copper plate for the heatsink, for improved cooling. The new copper plate doesn't just cover the GPU now, but also the VRAM chips. The copper plate is connected to eight 6 mm heatpipes. PowerColor also shared that it's using a 14-layer high TG PCB, which uses a two ounce copper power layer. The RX 7900 XTX is kitted out with 20 VRMs, although this appears to be straight from the AMD reference design. PowerColor appears to have implemented a dual BIOS on the card, as there's a switch for OC/Silent operation and the card also appears to have a hardware LED switch, which is nice for those that don't care about lighting up their computer like a Christmas tree. Keep in mind that this is not PowerColor's top-of-the-range card, which is the Red Devil, so we should expect more details on those cards in the future too.

Although we're only some three weeks away from the launch of AMD's Radeon RX 7000-series cards, it has been pretty quiet from its partners. That said, PowerColor has finally revealed more than just a tiny detail of its upcoming Radeon RX 7900 Red Devil via a post on Facebook. The company didn't reveal any specs and it's unclear if this will be an RX 7900 XT or an RX 7900 XTX based card.

What we can see from the picture is that it's a triple-slot card with air being vented out the rear, something AMD's reference cards don't do. It's obviously a triple-fan card and PowerColor has equipped it with some LED lights as one would expect. Not much else is revealed by the single picture of the card, due to the angle the card sits at, so we don't know what kind of ports to expect, or what kind of power connectors the card will have. Hopefully PowerColor will reveal more details before the official launch on the 13th of December.

TUL Corporation, a leading and innovative manufacturer of AMD graphic cards since 1997, is announcing today new additions to its AMD Graphics card lineup. With higher GPU clocks and faster memory, the latest AMD Radeon RX 6950 XT, AMD Radeon RX 6750 XT and AMD Radeon RX 6650 XT graphics cards will give gamers the extra edge on their favorite game titles.

The new graphics cards leverage the breakthrough AMD RDNA 2 gaming architecture, include process optimizations and software and firmware enhancements, and offer high-bandwidth, low-latency AMD Infinity Cache memory technology and ultra-fast 18 Gbps GDDR6 memory. They also support Microsoft Windows 11 and Microsoft DirectX 12 Ultimate, AMD FidelityFX Super Resolution (FSR), the forthcoming AMD FSR 2.01 and AMD Radeon Super Resolution upscaling technologies, as well as other advanced features that provide visually stunning, high-refresh rate gaming experiences.

EK, the leading computer cooling solutions provider, is launching the new EK-Quantum Vector Red Devil water block made for the PowerColor Red Devil version of the AMD Radeon RX 6800, RX 6800 XT, and 6900 XT graphics cards. This 2nd-generation EK-Quantum Vector water block implements an Open Split-Flow cooling engine design, which proved to be a superior solution for GPU water blocks. It is characterized by low hydraulic flow restriction, meaning it can be used with weaker water pumps or pumps running on low-speed settings and still achieve top performance. The jet plate and the fin structure geometry have been optimized to provide even flow distribution with minimal losses and optimal performance when used in any given coolant flow orientation, unlike some currently available products on the market.

The base of the block is CNC-machined out of nickel-plated electrolytic copper, while its top is CNC-machined either out of glass-like cast acrylic or durable black POM acetal. The watertight seal is ensured by high-quality EPDM O-rings, while brass standoffs are already pre-installed and allow for a safe and easy installation procedure.

PowerColor debuted its Radeon RX 6600 XT graphics card series with the RX 6600 XT Red Devil and RX 6600 XT Hellhound custom-design graphics cards. The lineup will be joined by additional models from the Fighter and Red Dragon series in the future. For now, the RX 6600 XT Red Devil is a beefy, triple-slot card that's about two-thirds the length of larger, triple-fan Red Devil products from the company. This one features a dual-fan setup, but the styling is consistent, including the air-dams near the tail-end that light up. The card features a compound aluminium fin-stack heatsink with at least two fin-stacks skewered by a common set of heat pipes.

The Red Devil features the company's highest factory OC tier for this GPU, a meaty 12-phase VRM, and goodies that include dual-BIOS, addressable-RGB headers, etc. It draws power from a combination of 8-pin and 6-pin PCIe power connectors. The Hellhound, on the other hand, features a more compact dual-slot design, with a lighter heatsink that uses three heatpipes ventilated by a pair of 80 mm fans that light up. There's no dual-BIOS, but you can toggle the blue LED off with a physical switch. The card draws power from a single 8-pin PCIe power connector. The company didn't reveal clock speeds or pricing.

A PowerColor Radeon RX 6900 XT (Liquid Devil or Red Devil) graphics card was overclocked to a staggering 3321 MHz by professional overclocker OGS, which went on to bag the 3DMark FireStrike world record, with a score of 37618 points on the HWBot leaderboard. It's important to note here, that the benchmark run was done with tessellation disabled—something that UL Benchmarks doesn't consider valid for its own leaderboard, but HWBot allows such benchmark runs, and so here we are. The FireStrike leaderboard has been dominated by the RX 6900 XT, as the card beats even the GeForce RTX 3090 in this test.

TUL Corporation, a leading and innovative manufacturer of AMD graphics cards since 1997, announces its HELLHOUND AMD Radeon RX 6700 XT graphics cards offering remarkable performance, a robust design with mysterious LED lighting and efficient cooling. HELLHOUND together with RED DEVIL and FIGHTER AMD Radeon RX 6700 XT graphics cards, are designed to be absolute gaming monsters, making them a must-have weapon for 1440p gaming.

The RED DEVIL AMD Radeon RX 6700 XT shares the same cool and relentless appearance as the highly awarded RED DEVIL AMD Radeon RX 6900 XT graphics card. It is armed with a triple-fan cooler design to keep the card at low temperatures while providing an incredible gaming experience with whisper quiet operation at the highest speeds.

Alphacool presents the Eisblock Aurora Acryl GPX-N block for the PowerColor Red Devil graphics cards. The blocks offer outstanding cooling performance thanks to the full cover design. The new backplate, which is included with the coolers, also contributes to this. This stabilizes the graphics card and ensures an even contact pressure of the cooler. The cold plates are made of solid nickel-plated copper. The coolers cover all relevant components such as voltage converters and the graphics memory.

TUL Corporation, a leading and innovative manufacturer of AMD graphic cards since 1997, today brings the highly awarded Red Devil series to the AMD's RADEON RX 6900 XT for enthusiasts who want the ultimate performance with the best gaming experience at all levels. Bringing the best gaming performance with no compromises, PowerColor Red Devil AMD Radeon RX 6900 XT adds extra performance to the AMD Radeon RX 6900 XT while running lower at temperatures and quieter, with a high dense heatsink and 7 high performance heat pipes together with a fully customized PCB designed optimized to deliver the best performance while maintaining a cool & quiet operation.

Along with the new cooling system, the Red Devil AMD RADEON RX 6900 XT graphics card has now a totally new redesigned RGB lightning, with immersive look that merges perfectly with the cooling solution as well ARGB connection for the first time total RGB synchronization via motherboard. The PowerColor Red Devil AMD Radeon RX 6900 XT graphics card is designed with a powerful VRM configuration, 14+2 phases using the industry's best DrMOS as well as high polymer capacitors allowing greater performance and power stability. With three 8-pin PCIe connectors for maximum reliability and the highest performance, the PowerColor Red Devil is able to deliver up to 480w of power.

PowerColor today has finally taken the lid off most of its RX 6800 XT Red Devil graphics card. As expected, we're looking at a triple-fan custom cooling solution with black looks and red and orange LED accents (whether or not these can be customized according to your rig's color scheme remains unclear). The front of the card really does look like the teeth of some devilish creature.

Rumor place the PowerColor RX 6800 XT Red Devil as launching as early as next week, a very sort amount of time since the first, AMD reference-designed graphics cards hit the market (that's tomorrow, by the way). The RX 6800 XT has been painted by AMD as delivering comparable performance to NVIDIA's RTX 3080 graphics card at a better thermal design power and with a more robust memory subsystem, so PowerColor, as one of AMD's most recognizable board partners, should be in for huge demand if events so unfold.