Monday, June 27th 2022
Windows Defender can Significantly Impact Intel CPU Performance, We have the Fix
Kevin Glynn, aka "Uncle Webb," our associate software author behind popular utilities such as ThrottleStop and RealTemp, developed a new utility named Counter Control, which lets you monitor and log the performance counters of Intel Core processors since 2008 (Core "Nehalem"). During development for ThrottleStop, Kevin discovered a fascinating bug with Windows Defender, the built-in security software of Windows, which causes significantly higher performance impact on the processor than it should normally have. Of course a security software is bound to have some (small) performance impact during real-time protection, but this is much bigger.
The first sign that something is happening is that HWiNFO will be reporting a reduced "Effective Clock" speed when the CPU is fully loaded. A much bigger problem is that when Defender is affected by the bug, performance of your machine will be significantly reduced. For example, a Core i9-10850K running at 5.00 GHz all-core loses 1000 Cinebench points (or 6%). Such a performance loss has been reported by owners of Intel Core 8th, 9th, 10th and 11th Gen, both desktop and mobile CPUs, on both Windows 10 and Windows 11. AMD processors are not affected.
The underlying issue that costs so much performance is that Windows Defender will randomly start using all seven hardware performance counters provided by Intel Core processors, which includes three fixed function counters. Each of these counters can be programmed in one of four modes, to configure at which privilege level it counts—Disabled, OS (ring-0), User (ring>0), and All-Ring levels. Since these counters are a shared resource, it is possible that multiple programs want to access these counters at the same time.
Popular system utilities like HWiNFO, OCCT, Core Temp, and ThrottleStop, all set these counters to "mode 3" or "All-Ring Levels." Since they all set the same mode, there's no issues with multiple programs using the same counter. Windows Defender on the other hand will set these counters to "mode 2", at what looks like random intervals, for random durations of time. This can happen when a computer first boots up or it can happen at any time after that. While Windows Defender is running in the background, it can start and stop or continuously try to change these counters to mode 2 at any time. Just to clarify, the performance loss will happen even without any monitoring software running—Defender will still use excessive CPU time.
The issue is not with the Intel hardware, as setting the same timers as Windows Defender manually has no negative performance impact. Also, if these counters are manually overwritten, Defender detects that, immediately stops whatever it is doing and performance returns to normal—without any negative effect on the ability to detect viruses in real-time.
Our Counter Control software monitors and logs the "IA32_FIXED_CTR_CTRL" register of Intel Core processors, located at MSR 0x38D. This register provides access to the three fixed-function performance monitoring counters mentioned before. Counter Control will inform users if any software is using the Intel fixed-function counters, and for how long they've been in use. Typical values reported by Counter Control look like this:
If your system seems affected, showing the "Defender" readout, then a quick fix is to click the "Reset Counters" button in Counter Control. By pressing the button, one timer will be reprogrammed to mode 3, which will be detected by Defender, and Defender will stop doing its thing and restore performance. Please verify with benchmarks.
There are two ways to go about mitigating this performance loss permanently. You could disable Windows Defender Real-time Monitoring, which is highly not recommended due to the security implications; or you could use the latest version 9.5 of ThrottleStop, which has a feature in the "Options" window, called "Windows Defender Boost." Ticking this ensures maximum performance and accurate Core Effective Clock monitoring in all applications whether Windows Defender real-time protection is enabled or not. To achieve that goal, ThrottleStop activates one of the programmable timers immediately. When Windows Defender detects that some user software is trying to use one of the programmable counters, it stops using all the counters and leaves them alone for as long as that counter stays enabled. This returns performance back to normal. The "Reset" button in Counter Control does the same, and gives people a way to activate only this mechanism, without having to start ThrottleStop. Just to clarify, Windows Defender will continue to work fine. It can still detect and notify users of any viruses. When started once, with the "Windows Defender Boost" option, ThrottleStop will let the timer running in mode 3, even when closed. This means you can start ThrottleStop once at bootup, close it right afterward, and your system will be protected from the Defender performance issues.
If "Windows Defender Boost" is not checked, the counter will be initially cleared. This stops the Window Defender algorithm but ThrottleStop will no longer try to keep one counter running while using ThrottleStop and it will not keep that one counter running after you exit ThrottleStop. This allows a person to use ThrottleStop without having to worry that ThrottleStop might be doing something to Windows Defender that it should not be doing. After ThrottleStop starts up, if that timer is not being used, after 10 minutes or so, Windows Defender will check that timer, see that it is not being used, and will be able to start its mysterious performance-eating algorithm again.
Let us know your experience in the comments of this article. It'll be interesting to see how widespread this issue is, we have confirmed (thread at TPU, thread at OCN) it to be happening on many systems in recent months. If we make enough noise, I'm sure Microsoft will look into why they need that many timers in Defender, why there's such a big performance hit, and fix it accordingly.
As always, let us know your thoughts and questions in the comments. Also let us know if you didn't understand certain technical details, so we can improve this writeup.
Counter Control is available as free download in our downloads section.
Popular system utilities like HWiNFO, OCCT, Core Temp, and ThrottleStop, all set these counters to "mode 3" or "All-Ring Levels." Since they all set the same mode, there's no issues with multiple programs using the same counter. Windows Defender on the other hand will set these counters to "mode 2", at what looks like random intervals, for random durations of time. This can happen when a computer first boots up or it can happen at any time after that. While Windows Defender is running in the background, it can start and stop or continuously try to change these counters to mode 2 at any time. Just to clarify, the performance loss will happen even without any monitoring software running—Defender will still use excessive CPU time.
The issue is not with the Intel hardware, as setting the same timers as Windows Defender manually has no negative performance impact. Also, if these counters are manually overwritten, Defender detects that, immediately stops whatever it is doing and performance returns to normal—without any negative effect on the ability to detect viruses in real-time.
- Not Used - 0x000: The three fixed function counters are stopped. None of the counters are presently being used.
- Defender - 0x222: All three fixed function counters are programmed to mode 2. This is the value that Windows Defender sets these counters to when it is using them.
- Normal - 0x330: Two counters are programmed to mode 3. One counter is programmed to mode 0 and is not being used. This is normal. Most monitoring programs that use these counters will program the counter control register to this value.
- Warning - 0x332: This is shown when two counters are being used normally by monitoring software while the third counter has been set to mode 2, likely by Windows Defender. This is a warning that two different programs might be fighting over control of the shared counters. You might see the counter control register constantly changing between 0x222 and 0x332. This is what you will see when running HWiNFO if Windows Defender is trying to use the IA32_FIXED function counters at the same time.
If "Windows Defender Boost" is not checked, the counter will be initially cleared. This stops the Window Defender algorithm but ThrottleStop will no longer try to keep one counter running while using ThrottleStop and it will not keep that one counter running after you exit ThrottleStop. This allows a person to use ThrottleStop without having to worry that ThrottleStop might be doing something to Windows Defender that it should not be doing. After ThrottleStop starts up, if that timer is not being used, after 10 minutes or so, Windows Defender will check that timer, see that it is not being used, and will be able to start its mysterious performance-eating algorithm again.
Let us know your experience in the comments of this article. It'll be interesting to see how widespread this issue is, we have confirmed (thread at TPU, thread at OCN) it to be happening on many systems in recent months. If we make enough noise, I'm sure Microsoft will look into why they need that many timers in Defender, why there's such a big performance hit, and fix it accordingly.
As always, let us know your thoughts and questions in the comments. Also let us know if you didn't understand certain technical details, so we can improve this writeup.
Counter Control is available as free download in our downloads section.
257 Comments on Windows Defender can Significantly Impact Intel CPU Performance, We have the Fix
However, we're getting off-topic, so let's rope ourselves in..
That's nice but it's just a fraction of what W1zard's script does
Here is win-11's
Win-10's
and PSA: TPU is resided by nerd, nerd cares about 6%.
All of this stuff adds up - like 6% for this, another 10% for virtualization based security, another few percent for the indexer, and now you have a machine that's 20-25% slower than it's supposed to be and stuttering in games.
So related question:
Some game guides (like the Ascent) recommend putting the program in the excluded exploit protection programs to stop stuttering... does this effectively get rid of this need? Will do some testing with this fix vs exploit protection on and off... this would be huge if people didn't need to jump through the control flow guard disabling hoops and could just use the windows defender boost.
That rhymes :laugh:
Plenty of people just using edge and windows pretender oops defender were hit by ransomware my dear old mom to amounted to nothing but did happen under microsoft securities watch
Since getting a real antivirus bitdefender I believe nothing eventful for about a year now
So yeah say pretender is free/ great if you want facts just don't support such a broad stroke it's really just more telemetryware under a false sense of security so is crappy chroedge.
Been using Defender for a year and a half now, no point in an paid AV these days, just use your brain when browsing. And use uBlock Origin.20-25%?
Sounds like you have a messed up Windows installation. I'm having between 0.3% and 5% usage.
According to the above, this has been a problem for 6 years at least. Why hasn't MS done something about it? They don't care?
The ability to solve this issue will give users a reason to try ThrottleStop. My Cinebench scores are almost identical whether ThrottleStop is running or not. ThrottleStop is not a major source of CPU or memory usage.
Think of Counter Control as a proof of concept kind of program. If the thought of having to run ThrottleStop all of the time really makes people's skin crawl, I will consider writing a separate program that quietly runs in the background and takes care of this problem. It would be best to leave it running in the background so it can also take care of this issue when you resume from sleep. Any program that checks a single register every 5 or 10 seconds and when you resume from sleep is not going to be a significant drain of CPU resources.I think the Windows Defender problem listed on that site you posted is different from this new Windows Defender problem. Good to know that these issues take a while to solve.
ok yeah you need TS. :p